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c C s. t | ddd}|dkrdS |dkr&dS t|S )NF)r3 r4 s 00s 01T)r6 int)r sr r r read_decimalnl_short s rT c C s2 t | ddd}|dd dkr*|d d }t|S )NF)r3 r4 r Lr- r- )r6 rR )r rS r r r read_decimalnl_long s rV decimalnl_shorta A newline-terminated decimal integer literal.
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c C s t | ddd}t|S )NF)r3 r4 )r6 float)r rS r r r read_floatnl' s rZ floatnla A newline-terminated decimal floating literal.
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minus zero doesn't work across boxes, or on some boxes even
on itself (e.g., Windows can't read the strings it produces
for infinities or NaNs).
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strongly related to the IEEE-754 double format, and, in normal
cases, is in fact identical to the big-endian 754 double format.
On other boxes the dynamic range is limited to that of a 754
double, and "add a half and chop" rounding is used to reduce
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as a shortcut for the int 0, although LONG1 should really be used
then instead (and in any case where # of bytes < 256).
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some other opcodes grab all the objects from the top of
the stack down to (but not including) the topmost marker
object.
stackslicea An object representing a contiguous slice of the stack.
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No matter how many object are on the stack after the topmost
markobject, POP_MARK gets rid of all of them (including the
topmost markobject too).
c @ s e Zd Zd Zdd Zd
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and LONG then is that INT skips a trailing 'L', and produces a short
int whenever possible.
Another difference is due to that, when bool was introduced as a
distinct type in 2.3, builtin names True and False were also added to
2.2.2, mapping to ints 1 and 0. For compatibility in both directions,
True gets pickled as INT + "I01\n", and False as INT + "I00\n".
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ZBININT1KzPush a one-byte unsigned integer.
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ZBININT2MzPush a two-byte unsigned integer.
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ZLONGLa Push a long integer.
The same as INT, except that the literal ends with 'L', and always
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trailing 'L'.
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conversion). Proto 2 added linear-time (in C; still quadratic-time
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decoded as bytes object instead.
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the Unpickler constructor. or the default, 'ASCII'. If the
encoding given was 'bytes' however, they will be decoded as bytes
object instead.
ZBINBYTESBzPush a Python bytes object.
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ZSHORT_BINBYTESCzPush a Python bytes object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 1-byte unsigned int giving
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literally as the string content.
Z BINBYTES8 zPush a Python bytes object.
There are two arguments: the first is an 8-byte unsigned int giving
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which are taken literally as the string content.
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ZSHORT_BINUNICODE a Push a Python Unicode string object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 1-byte little-endian signed int
giving the number of bytes in the string. The second is that many
bytes, and is the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string.
Z
BINUNICODEXa Push a Python Unicode string object.
There are two arguments: the first is a 4-byte little-endian unsigned int
giving the number of bytes in the string. The second is that many
bytes, and is the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string.
Z BINUNICODE8 a Push a Python Unicode string object.
There are two arguments: the first is an 8-byte little-endian signed int
giving the number of bytes in the string. The second is that many
bytes, and is the UTF-8 encoding of the Unicode string.
ZFLOATFa Newline-terminated decimal float literal.
The argument is repr(a_float), and in general requires 17 significant
digits for roundtrip conversion to be an identity (this is so for
IEEE-754 double precision values, which is what Python float maps to
on most boxes).
In general, FLOAT cannot be used to transport infinities, NaNs, or
minus zero across boxes (or even on a single box, if the platform C
library can't read the strings it produces for such things -- Windows
is like that), but may do less damage than BINFLOAT on boxes with
greater precision or dynamic range than IEEE-754 double.
ZBINFLOATGa Float stored in binary form, with 8 bytes of data.
This generally requires less than half the space of FLOAT encoding.
In general, BINFLOAT cannot be used to transport infinities, NaNs, or
minus zero, raises an exception if the exponent exceeds the range of
an IEEE-754 double, and retains no more than 53 bits of precision (if
there are more than that, "add a half and chop" rounding is used to
cut it back to 53 significant bits).
Z
EMPTY_LIST]zPush an empty list.ZAPPENDazAppend an object to a list.
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although pylist is really extended in-place.
ZAPPENDSezExtend a list by a slice of stack objects.
Stack before: ... pylist markobject stackslice
Stack after: ... pylist+stackslice
although pylist is really extended in-place.
ZLISTlas Build a list out of the topmost stack slice, after markobject.
All the stack entries following the topmost markobject are placed into
a single Python list, which single list object replaces all of the
stack from the topmost markobject onward. For example,
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Z EMPTY_TUPLE)zPush an empty tuple.ZTUPLEtav Build a tuple out of the topmost stack slice, after markobject.
All the stack entries following the topmost markobject are placed into
a single Python tuple, which single tuple object replaces all of the
stack from the topmost markobject onward. For example,
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Stack after: ... (1, 2, 3, 'abc')
ZTUPLE1
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length 1 whose one item is that value back onto it. In other
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ZTUPLE2 a Build a two-tuple out of the top two items on the stack.
This code pops two values off the stack and pushes a tuple of
length 2 whose items are those values back onto it. In other
words:
stack[-2:] = [tuple(stack[-2:])]
ZTUPLE3 a Build a three-tuple out of the top three items on the stack.
This code pops three values off the stack and pushes a tuple of
length 3 whose items are those values back onto it. In other
words:
stack[-3:] = [tuple(stack[-3:])]
Z
EMPTY_DICT}zPush an empty dict.ZDICTda Build a dict out of the topmost stack slice, after markobject.
All the stack entries following the topmost markobject are placed into
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stack from the topmost markobject onward. The stack slice alternates
key, value, key, value, .... For example,
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Stack after: ... {1: 2, 3: 'abc'}
ZSETITEMrS zAdd a key+value pair to an existing dict.
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ZSETITEMSua\ Add an arbitrary number of key+value pairs to an existing dict.
The slice of the stack following the topmost markobject is taken as
an alternating sequence of keys and values, added to the dict
immediately under the topmost markobject. Everything at and after the
topmost markobject is popped, leaving the mutated dict at the top
of the stack.
Stack before: ... pydict markobject key_1 value_1 ... key_n value_n
Stack after: ... pydict
where pydict has been modified via pydict[key_i] = value_i for i in
1, 2, ..., n, and in that order.
Z EMPTY_SET zPush an empty set.ZADDITEMS a$ Add an arbitrary number of items to an existing set.
The slice of the stack following the topmost markobject is taken as
a sequence of items, added to the set immediately under the topmost
markobject. Everything at and after the topmost markobject is popped,
leaving the mutated set at the top of the stack.
Stack before: ... pyset markobject item_1 ... item_n
Stack after: ... pyset
where pyset has been modified via pyset.add(item_i) = item_i for i in
1, 2, ..., n, and in that order.
Z FROZENSET az Build a frozenset out of the topmost slice, after markobject.
All the stack entries following the topmost markobject are placed into
a single Python frozenset, which single frozenset object replaces all
of the stack from the topmost markobject onward. For example,
Stack before: ... markobject 1 2 3
Stack after: ... frozenset({1, 2, 3})
POP0z.
ZBUILDba Finish building an object, via __setstate__ or dict update.
Stack before: ... anyobject argument
Stack after: ... anyobject
where anyobject may have been mutated, as follows:
If the object has a __setstate__ method,
anyobject.__setstate__(argument)
is called.
Else the argument must be a dict, the object must have a __dict__, and
the object is updated via
anyobject.__dict__.update(argument)
ZINSTiaq Build a class instance.
This is the protocol 0 version of protocol 1's OBJ opcode.
INST is followed by two newline-terminated strings, giving a
module and class name, just as for the GLOBAL opcode (and see
GLOBAL for more details about that). self.find_class(module, name)
is used to get a class object.
In addition, all the objects on the stack following the topmost
markobject are gathered into a tuple and popped (along with the
topmost markobject), just as for the TUPLE opcode.
Now it gets complicated. If all of these are true:
+ The argtuple is empty (markobject was at the top of the stack
at the start).
+ The class object does not have a __getinitargs__ attribute.
then we want to create an old-style class instance without invoking
its __init__() method (pickle has waffled on this over the years; not
calling __init__() is current wisdom). In this case, an instance of
an old-style dummy class is created, and then we try to rebind its
__class__ attribute to the desired class object. If this succeeds,
the new instance object is pushed on the stack, and we're done.
Else (the argtuple is not empty, it's not an old-style class object,
or the class object does have a __getinitargs__ attribute), the code
first insists that the class object have a __safe_for_unpickling__
attribute. Unlike as for the __safe_for_unpickling__ check in REDUCE,
it doesn't matter whether this attribute has a true or false value, it
only matters whether it exists (XXX this is a bug). If
__safe_for_unpickling__ doesn't exist, UnpicklingError is raised.
Else (the class object does have a __safe_for_unpickling__ attr),
the class object obtained from INST's arguments is applied to the
argtuple obtained from the stack, and the resulting instance object
is pushed on the stack.
NOTE: checks for __safe_for_unpickling__ went away in Python 2.3.
NOTE: the distinction between old-style and new-style classes does
not make sense in Python 3.
ZOBJoa Build a class instance.
This is the protocol 1 version of protocol 0's INST opcode, and is
very much like it. The major difference is that the class object
is taken off the stack, allowing it to be retrieved from the memo
repeatedly if several instances of the same class are created. This
can be much more efficient (in both time and space) than repeatedly
embedding the module and class names in INST opcodes.
Unlike INST, OBJ takes no arguments from the opcode stream. Instead
the class object is taken off the stack, immediately above the
topmost markobject:
Stack before: ... markobject classobject stackslice
Stack after: ... new_instance_object
As for INST, the remainder of the stack above the markobject is
gathered into an argument tuple, and then the logic seems identical,
except that no __safe_for_unpickling__ check is done (XXX this is
a bug). See INST for the gory details.
NOTE: In Python 2.3, INST and OBJ are identical except for how they
get the class object. That was always the intent; the implementations
had diverged for accidental reasons.
ZNEWOBJ aL Build an object instance.
The stack before should be thought of as containing a class
object followed by an argument tuple (the tuple being the stack
top). Call these cls and args. They are popped off the stack,
and the value returned by cls.__new__(cls, *args) is pushed back
onto the stack.
Z NEWOBJ_EX au Build an object instance.
The stack before should be thought of as containing a class
object followed by an argument tuple and by a keyword argument dict
(the dict being the stack top). Call these cls and args. They are
popped off the stack, and the value returned by
cls.__new__(cls, *args, *kwargs) is pushed back onto the stack.
PROTO zProtocol version indicator.
For protocol 2 and above, a pickle must start with this opcode.
The argument is the protocol version, an int in range(2, 256).
ZSTOP.zStop the unpickling machine.
Every pickle ends with this opcode. The object at the top of the stack
is popped, and that's the result of unpickling. The stack should be
empty then.
FRAME zIndicate the beginning of a new frame.
The unpickler may use this opcode to safely prefetch data from its
underlying stream.
ZPERSIDPa Push an object identified by a persistent ID.
The pickle module doesn't define what a persistent ID means. PERSID's
argument is a newline-terminated str-style (no embedded escapes, no
bracketing quote characters) string, which *is* "the persistent ID".
The unpickler passes this string to self.persistent_load(). Whatever
object that returns is pushed on the stack. There is no implementation
of persistent_load() in Python's unpickler: it must be supplied by an
unpickler subclass.
Z BINPERSIDQaX Push an object identified by a persistent ID.
Like PERSID, except the persistent ID is popped off the stack (instead
of being a string embedded in the opcode bytestream). The persistent
ID is passed to self.persistent_load(), and whatever object that
returns is pushed on the stack. See PERSID for more detail.
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d | d S )&Nr z%5d:)endfilez %-4s %s%sr z (MARK at unknown opcode offset)z (MARK at %d)r zno MARK exists on stackr r r r z(as %d)zmemo key %r already definedz'stack is empty -- can't store into memoz"can't store markobject in the memor r r z&memo key %r has never been stored into
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markobjectpopindexr r splitr extend)r r memo indentlevelannotatestackZmaxprotoZ markstackZ indentchunkZerrormsgZannocolr rs r lineZbeforeafterZnumtopopZmarkmsgZmarkposZmemo_idxr r r r % s -
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>>> import pickle
>>> x = [1, 2, (3, 4), {b'abc': "def"}]
>>> pkl0 = pickle.dumps(x, 0)
>>> dis(pkl0)
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: L LONG 1
9: a APPEND
10: L LONG 2
14: a APPEND
15: ( MARK
16: L LONG 3
20: L LONG 4
24: t TUPLE (MARK at 15)
25: p PUT 1
28: a APPEND
29: ( MARK
30: d DICT (MARK at 29)
31: p PUT 2
34: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
50: p PUT 3
53: ( MARK
54: V UNICODE 'abc'
59: p PUT 4
62: V UNICODE 'latin1'
70: p PUT 5
73: t TUPLE (MARK at 53)
74: p PUT 6
77: R REDUCE
78: p PUT 7
81: V UNICODE 'def'
86: p PUT 8
89: s SETITEM
90: a APPEND
91: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
Try again with a "binary" pickle.
>>> pkl1 = pickle.dumps(x, 1)
>>> dis(pkl1)
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: K BININT1 1
6: K BININT1 2
8: ( MARK
9: K BININT1 3
11: K BININT1 4
13: t TUPLE (MARK at 8)
14: q BINPUT 1
16: } EMPTY_DICT
17: q BINPUT 2
19: c GLOBAL '_codecs encode'
35: q BINPUT 3
37: ( MARK
38: X BINUNICODE 'abc'
46: q BINPUT 4
48: X BINUNICODE 'latin1'
59: q BINPUT 5
61: t TUPLE (MARK at 37)
62: q BINPUT 6
64: R REDUCE
65: q BINPUT 7
67: X BINUNICODE 'def'
75: q BINPUT 8
77: s SETITEM
78: e APPENDS (MARK at 3)
79: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Exercise the INST/OBJ/BUILD family.
>>> import pickletools
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(pickletools.dis, 0))
0: c GLOBAL 'pickletools dis'
17: p PUT 0
20: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> from pickletools import _Example
>>> x = [_Example(42)] * 2
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(x, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: c GLOBAL 'copy_reg _reconstructor'
30: p PUT 1
33: ( MARK
34: c GLOBAL 'pickletools _Example'
56: p PUT 2
59: c GLOBAL '__builtin__ object'
79: p PUT 3
82: N NONE
83: t TUPLE (MARK at 33)
84: p PUT 4
87: R REDUCE
88: p PUT 5
91: ( MARK
92: d DICT (MARK at 91)
93: p PUT 6
96: V UNICODE 'value'
103: p PUT 7
106: L LONG 42
111: s SETITEM
112: b BUILD
113: a APPEND
114: g GET 5
117: a APPEND
118: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(x, 1))
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: c GLOBAL 'copy_reg _reconstructor'
29: q BINPUT 1
31: ( MARK
32: c GLOBAL 'pickletools _Example'
54: q BINPUT 2
56: c GLOBAL '__builtin__ object'
76: q BINPUT 3
78: N NONE
79: t TUPLE (MARK at 31)
80: q BINPUT 4
82: R REDUCE
83: q BINPUT 5
85: } EMPTY_DICT
86: q BINPUT 6
88: X BINUNICODE 'value'
98: q BINPUT 7
100: K BININT1 42
102: s SETITEM
103: b BUILD
104: h BINGET 5
106: e APPENDS (MARK at 3)
107: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Try "the canonical" recursive-object test.
>>> L = []
>>> T = L,
>>> L.append(T)
>>> L[0] is T
True
>>> T[0] is L
True
>>> L[0][0] is L
True
>>> T[0][0] is T
True
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: l LIST (MARK at 0)
2: p PUT 0
5: ( MARK
6: g GET 0
9: t TUPLE (MARK at 5)
10: p PUT 1
13: a APPEND
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 1))
0: ] EMPTY_LIST
1: q BINPUT 0
3: ( MARK
4: h BINGET 0
6: t TUPLE (MARK at 3)
7: q BINPUT 1
9: a APPEND
10: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Note that, in the protocol 0 pickle of the recursive tuple, the disassembler
has to emulate the stack in order to realize that the POP opcode at 16 gets
rid of the MARK at 0.
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 0))
0: ( MARK
1: ( MARK
2: l LIST (MARK at 1)
3: p PUT 0
6: ( MARK
7: g GET 0
10: t TUPLE (MARK at 6)
11: p PUT 1
14: a APPEND
15: 0 POP
16: 0 POP (MARK at 0)
17: g GET 1
20: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 0
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 1))
0: ( MARK
1: ] EMPTY_LIST
2: q BINPUT 0
4: ( MARK
5: h BINGET 0
7: t TUPLE (MARK at 4)
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: 1 POP_MARK (MARK at 0)
12: h BINGET 1
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 1
Try protocol 2.
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(L, 2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: h BINGET 0
7: \x85 TUPLE1
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 2))
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: h BINGET 0
7: \x85 TUPLE1
8: q BINPUT 1
10: a APPEND
11: 0 POP
12: h BINGET 1
14: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
Try protocol 3 with annotations:
>>> dis(pickle.dumps(T, 3), annotate=1)
0: \x80 PROTO 3 Protocol version indicator.
2: ] EMPTY_LIST Push an empty list.
3: q BINPUT 0 Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
5: h BINGET 0 Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
7: \x85 TUPLE1 Build a one-tuple out of the topmost item on the stack.
8: q BINPUT 1 Store the stack top into the memo. The stack is not popped.
10: a APPEND Append an object to a list.
11: 0 POP Discard the top stack item, shrinking the stack by one item.
12: h BINGET 1 Read an object from the memo and push it on the stack.
14: . STOP Stop the unpickling machine.
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
a=
>>> import pickle
>>> import io
>>> f = io.BytesIO()
>>> p = pickle.Pickler(f, 2)
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> p.dump(x)
>>> p.dump(x)
>>> f.seek(0)
0
>>> memo = {}
>>> dis(f, memo=memo)
0: \x80 PROTO 2
2: ] EMPTY_LIST
3: q BINPUT 0
5: ( MARK
6: K BININT1 1
8: K BININT1 2
10: K BININT1 3
12: e APPENDS (MARK at 5)
13: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
>>> dis(f, memo=memo)
14: \x80 PROTO 2
16: h BINGET 0
18: . STOP
highest protocol among opcodes = 2
)Zdisassembler_testZdisassembler_memo_testc C s dd l } | j S )Nr )doctestZtestmod)r r r r _test
s r __main__z$disassemble one or more pickle files)Z description pickle_filebr*zthe pickle file)typenargshelpz-oz--outputwz+the file where the output should be written)defaultr r z-mz--memo
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Zstructr r r r r r! r" r# r$ r% r' r( r6 r7 r8 r9 r: r; r< r= r> r? r@ rA rD rE rF rG rI rJ rL rM rN rO rP rQ rT rV rW rX rZ r[ r\ r] r^ r_ r` ra rb rc rR ZpyintZpylongrh Zpyinteger_or_boolZpyboolrY Zpyfloatri rH Zpybytes_or_strZpystringZpybytesZ pyunicoder Zpynonerf Zpytuplerk Zpylistrl Zpydictrm ZpysetZ pyfrozensetZ anyobjectr rp rq rx r Zname2iZcode2i enumerater r r r rr r r r r r r r Z _dis_testZ
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